Tolu-tulaga lolomiina lolomiina o faʻamatalaga faʻapitoa (3dpums) foliga mai o se meafaigaluega talafeagai ona o le latou aʻoaʻoga tau ma mafai. O le autu o lenei iloiloga o le faʻamatala lea ma iloiloina metotia faʻaaogaina e fausia ai le 3DPAm mo le aʻoaʻoina o le Andomy Automy ma le iloiloina o lona saʻoga.
Na faia se komepiuta i le faʻaaogaina o fefaʻatauaiga, aʻoaʻoga, aʻoaʻoga, aʻoaʻoga, aʻoaʻoga, aʻoaʻoga, muamua . . Sailiiliga sa aofia ai suʻesuʻega, faʻataʻitaʻiga mamanu, faʻataʻitaʻiga o aʻoaʻoga, faʻatinoga o aʻoaʻoga, malosiaga ma vaivaiga.
I totonu o le 68 tusi filifilia, o le tele tele o aʻoga na taulai atu i le Cranial Region (33 Tusitusiga); 51 News uiga o le ponaivi lolomiina. I le 47 o tusitusiga, na fausia ai le 3Dpam e faavae i luga o le fuainumera imorasi. E toʻalima le lima lolomi faʻagaioiga o loʻo lisiina. Plastics ma o latou faʻamatalaga na faʻaaogaina i le 48 suʻesuʻega. Taitasi o mamanu e amata mai le tau mai le $ 1.25 i le $ 2,800. Tolusefulu fitu suʻesuʻega faʻatusatusa 3dPam ma faʻamatalaga faʻasino. O le tolusefulu-tolu tusitusiga na suʻesuʻe aʻoaʻoga aʻoga. O faʻamanuiaga taua o le vaʻai ma faʻatagana lelei, aʻoaʻo ma le lelei, faʻapitoa ma le agalelei, sili atu le faʻaaogaina o le mafaufau, e sili atu le faʻaaogaina ma le faiaoga / tagata aoga. O mea leaga autu e fesoʻotaʻi ma le mamanu: Tumau, leai ni auiliiliga poʻo le manino o lanu, lanu e pupula tele, umi lolomi taimi ma tau umi ma maualuga tau.
O lenei faʻamaumauga o iloiloga o loʻo faʻaalia ai o le 3DApam o le tau le aoga ma faʻaalia mo le aʻoaʻoina o le atotomy. E sili atu le moni faʻapitoa e manaʻomia le faʻaaogaina o le sili atu ona taugata 3D lolomi tekonolosi ma umi o taimi, o le a faʻateleina faʻateleina le tau atoa. O le ki o le filifilia lea o le talafeagai mafaufauga loloto metotia. Mai se itu pe fuafua i le vaeluaga, 3dpam o se meafaigaluega aoga mo aʻoaʻoga atomy, ma le lelei tele aʻafiaga i aʻafiaga aoga ma faamalieina i luga o taunuʻuga. O le aʻoaʻoga a le aʻoaʻoga o le 3DPam e sili ona lelei pe a fai o le toe gaosia o nofoaga faigata ma tamaiti aʻoga faʻaaoga i le amataga o latou aʻoaʻoga faafomaʻi.
O le tuʻuina atu o meaola tino na filifilia talu ona faia le Eleni anamua ma o se tasi o metotia autu o le aʻoaʻoina uatoma. O meaʻai a le Cadaveaveraveraveraveric e faia ile taimi o aʻoga masani ile faʻataʻitaʻiga o aʻoaʻoga a le au faitautusi mo iunivesete, 1,2,4,4,4,5]. Peitaʻi, e tele papupuni e faʻaaoga ai tagata o le tagata, e uunaia le sailiga mo mea faigaluega fou e [6]. O nisi o nei fou meafaigaluega e aofia ai faʻavaivaia mea moni, mea faigaluega faʻailogaina, ma le 3DS lolomi. E tusa ai ma le lata mai tusitusiga talu ai nei e ala i Santos et al. [8] I le tulaga o le aoga o nei tekonolosi fou mo aʻoaʻoga a le Anatomy, 3D lolomiina foliga mai o se tasi o aʻoaʻoga taua, 4,9,10] .
3D lolomi e le fou. O tagata faapaupau muamua e fesoʻotaʻi ma lenei tekonolosi aso i le 1984: O le Méhuté, o Demuté ma JC Asré i Farani, ma le tolu vaiaso mulimuli mai i Amerika. Talu mai lena taimi, ua faaauau pea le evili e mimilo ai ma lona faʻaaogaina ua faʻalauteleina i le tele o vaega. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, Na lolomi e ESA le mea muamua i talaane i le 2014 [11]. O le fanua faafomaʻi sa leoleo foʻi ai lenei galuega fou, o loʻo faʻateleina ai le manaʻoga e atiaʻe ni vailaʻau masani [12].
O le toʻatele o tusitala na faʻaalia ai le penefiti o le faʻaaogaina o le 3D lolomiina o faʻataʻitaʻiga a le 3 3, 13, 13, 14, 14, 17, 17]. A o aʻoaʻoina anatoy antomy, e le-o------astamically faʻataʻitaʻiga manaʻomia. O nisi iloiloga na suʻesuʻeina ai le faʻataʻitaʻiga poʻo le fomaʻi o faʻataʻitaʻiga ma le faʻataʻitaʻiina o faʻataʻitaʻiga [8, 20, 21]. Ina ia atiaʻe se faʻataʻitaʻiga a le Hybrid mo aʻoaʻoga a le tagata o loʻo aofia ai ni mea fou e pei o le aʻoaʻoina o le aʻoaʻo o le tagata 3D.
O lenei faʻamaumauga o loʻo faia i le Iuni 2022 faʻaaoga ai le faiʻai (manaʻomia lipoti i iloiloga o iloiloga ma meta-faʻataʻitaʻiga) e aunoa ma se taimi faʻatapulaʻaina
Aofia ai tulaga uma o suʻesuʻega uma o loʻo suʻesuʻe ai le 3DPam i anatomy aʻoaʻoga / aʻoaʻo. Iloiloga o tusi, mataitusi, po o tala faatusatu o loʻo taulai atu i faʻataʻitaʻiga o fatuga, faʻataʻitaʻiga o mea suʻesuʻe o aʻoaʻoga. Na o tusitusiga lomia i le Igilisi na filifilia. Tusitusiga e aunoa ma avanoa i luga ole laiga e le aofia ai. O tusitusiga na aofia ai le tele faʻataʻitaʻiga, ia le tutusa o lea na masani masani pe sa i ai le laititi lava o le aʻoaʻoga e le afaina ai le aoga aoga, na aofia ai.
O se suʻesuʻega tusi na faia i totonu o le faʻaeletonika faʻamaumauga na faʻasalalau (National Librations of NCBI) e faʻailoa ai tuutuuga, aʻoga, aʻoga, aʻoaʻoga, aʻoaʻoga, aʻoaʻoga, aʻoaʻoga, aʻoaʻoga, aʻoga dimensional, 3D, 3D, printing, printing, printing, anatomy, anatomy, anatomy and anatomy. O le fesili e tasi na faʻataunuʻuina: (((((aʻoga [Igoa / Apstract] poʻo le aʻoga [ulutala / Apstract] poʻo le aʻoaʻoga] pe Aoga [ulutala / faʻamatalaga]) ma (tolu itu [ulutala] poʻo le 3D [ulutala] poʻo le 3D [Prey])) ma le Lotoa [Key) [Pretomy ]] / Andstract] poʻo le AAtoOMY [ulutala / Andstract] poʻo le AATATE IGOA [MULIMULI / AATATEY] poʻo ANATATOMER [MULIMULI]. O isi tusitusiga na faailoa mai e ala i le suʻesuʻeina o faʻamaumauga o faʻamaumauga ma faʻamaumauga o isi tusitusiga faʻasaienisi. E leai ni tau na faʻatagaina tapulaʻa, ae o le "tagata" na faʻaaogaina faamama.
Na toe aumai e tagata uma ona o le Spiverts ma Aptoranks i totonu o le aofia ai ma le aofia ai le lua tusitala (EBR ma Al), ma soʻo se fonotaga agavaa O tusitusiga atoa o loʻo totoe o mea na totoe o nei suʻesuʻega ma iloiloina e le tolu tusitala (Ebr, Ebe ma Al). A manaʻomia, feeseeseaiga i le filifiliga o tusitusiga na foia e le lona fa tagata (lt). Lomiga na faʻaaogaina uma tulaga aofia ai tulaga na aofia ai i lenei iloiloga.
O faʻamaumauga o faʻamaumauga na filifilia tutoʻatasi e le lua tusitala (Err ma Al) i lalo o le vaʻavaʻaiga o le tolu tusitala (lt).
- Faʻataʻitaʻiga mamanuina o faʻamaumauga: anatomicards, faʻapitoa vaega, muamua faʻataʻitaʻiga mo le 3D metotia lolomiina, vaevaega polokalame, 3d lolomitusi.
- Faʻataʻitaʻiga Iloiloga o Faʻataʻitaʻiga: Faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻaaoga mo le faʻatusatusaina o tagata poto masani o tagata poto faapitoa / faiaʻoga, numera o iloiloga, i le itu o iloiloga.
- Aoao atu e 3D faʻataʻitaʻiga o tamaiti aoga iloiloga suʻesuʻega, metotia o tamaiti aʻoga, aofaʻi o vaega, aʻoga / vasega o aʻoga.
418 Suʻesuʻega na faailoa i medving, ma 139 Tusitusiga na faʻatutuina i le "Tagata" e faamama. A maeʻa ona iloilo ulutala ma le faʻaputuga, 103 suʻesuʻega na filifilia mo le faitau tusi atoa. 34 tusitusiga na faʻateʻaina aua latou te masani ai o le faʻataʻitaʻiga (9 tusitusiga), Medical / DICATIC O Activery Actives (4 mataupu), 3 Mataupu) ). E 68 Tusitusiga tusitusiga na aofia i totonu o le iloiloga. Ata 1 e faʻaalia ai le filifiliga faiga o se tafe siata.
Fina tapiala o loʻo taʻua ai le faʻailoaina o le faʻamatalaga, suʻesuʻega, ma aofia ai tusitusiga i lenei faʻatulagaina iloiloga
O suʻesuʻega uma na lomia lolomiina i le va o le 2022, ma le averesi o le uluaʻi tausaga o le 2019. E aofia ai le 68 (49%) sa i ai faʻataʻitaʻiga. Mama. O le 50 (73%) faʻataʻitaʻiga suesuega, 21 (31%) faʻaaogaina gication. Naʻo 34 aʻoga (50%) aofia ai faʻamaumauga o loʻo auiliiliina. Laulau 1 O loʻo otooto mai i uiga o aʻoaʻoga taʻitasi.
33 Faʻamatalaga (48%) suesueina le Ulu o le Houl, 19 faʻamaumauga (28%) suʻega le itulagi: 17%) suesueina le vaega o le Afa o fatufatu. Limasefulu-tasi tala (75%) o loʻo taʻua ai le 3D lolomiina ponaivi e pei o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga poʻo le tele-fasi manatu.
Faatatau i le punaʻoa faʻataʻitaʻiga poʻo faila faʻaaogaina e atiaʻe ai le 3DPAM, 23 tusitusiga (34%) o loʻo taʻua o faʻamaumauga o le CADA. Faʻaaoga, ma 7 suʻesuʻega (10%) e leʻi faʻaalia le mafuaʻaga o pepa faʻaaogaina.
47 Suʻesuʻega (69%) atiaʻe 3DPam faʻavae i luga o le aofaʻiga i luga o le komepiuta, ma 3 suʻesuʻega (4%) lipotia le faʻaaogaina o le microct. 7 Tusitusiga (10%) o loʻo tuʻuina atu 3d mea e faʻaaoga ai le faʻaaogaina o tagata faʻaaoga, 4 tusitusiga (6%) faʻaaogaina MRI, ma 1%) faʻaaogaina mea pueata ma microscopes). 14 Tusitusiga (21%) e leʻi taʻua le mafuaʻaga o le 3D faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo avea ma faila faila. 3D faila o faia ma le averesi o le spatital fofo o le 0.5 mm. O le sili atu le filifilia o le 30 μm [80] ma le tapulaa maualuga fofo o 1.5 MM [32].
Onosefulu eseese polokalame polokalama (vaega vaega, faʻataʻitaʻiga, mamanu poʻo le lolomiina) faʻaaogaina). Mimics (Mayilize, leuven, Belgeum) sa masani ona faʻaaogaina (14 suʻesuʻega, 21%) . (10 Suʻesuʻega, 15%), 3DS SLLERERS (SOLAGA FILIFILIGA, Boston, Ma) (9 Tausaga, 13%) ma CORADESS, Nesthosters (7 suʻesuʻega, 10%).
Onosefulu-fitu eseese faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga ma le lima lolomi tulafono o loʻo taʻua. FDM (Faʻaliga le teuina o le faʻataʻitaʻiga) tekonolosi sa faʻaaogaina i le 26 oloa (38%), o mea o lo o tusia ai le 13 oloa (19%, 16%). O le mea sili ona faʻaaogaina tekonolosi o stereolithography (pologa) (5 tala, 7%) ma filifilia le laser jomter (sls) (4 tala, 6%). O le mea e masani ona faʻaaoga ai le lolomitusi (7 tusitusiga, 10%) o le fesoʻotaʻiga 500 (Haptats, Rehovit, Isaraelu) [26, 32, 65].
A o faʻamatalaina mea e faʻaaoga e fai ai le 3DPAM (51 tusitusiga, 75%), 48 suʻesuʻega (71%) faʻaaogaina Plastics ma latou totogi. O mea taua na faʻaaoga o loʻo faʻapipiʻi (polylactic acid) (n = 20, 29%), resin (n = 5%, 10%). 23 Mataupu (34%) suesueina 3dm faia mai le tele o mea, 36 53%) na tuuina atu le 3DPAMA faia mai na o le tasi mea.
Luasefulu ma le iva tala (43%) lipotia lolomi lolomi fua mai 0.25: 1 i le 2: 1, ma le averesi o le 1: 1. Luasefululima Mataupu (37%) faʻaaogaina se 1: 1 fua faatatau. 28 3dppums (41%) aofia ai le tele o lanu, ma 9 (13%) na tuʻua ina ua maeʻa le lolomiina [43, 46, 59, 65].
Tolu sefulu ma le fa tusitusiga (50%) o tau. 9 Tusitusiga (13%) na taʻua o le tau o le 3D lolomi ma mea mata. Prices tulaga tau i le tau mai le $ 302 i le $ 65,000. Pe a faʻapitoa, faʻataʻitaʻiga tau tau mai le $ 1.25 i le $ 2,800; O nei tulaga pito i ai e fetaui ma le auivi o le auivi [47] ma maualuga-faʻamaoni le faʻamaoni o le faʻamaoni-48 48]. Lisi 2 o loʻo otooto mai ai le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻamaumauga mo tagata taʻitasi e aofia ai suʻesuʻega.
Tolusefulu fitu suesuega (54%) faatusatusa i le 3dapm i se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga. I totonu o nei suʻesuʻega, o le masani masani masani o se faʻataʻitaʻiga o se faʻamatalaga faʻasino, faʻaaogaina i 14 tusitusiga (38%) Faʻaaogaina o le tafailagi mea moni, o loʻo fuafuaina i le tasi o le 3DPam i le 5 tusitusiga (14%) 1 Mataupu (3%) ma faʻavaivaia mea moni i le 1 tusitusiga (3%). Tolusefulu-fa (50%) Suʻesuʻega auiliili 3dpam. Sefululima (48%) Faʻapitoa Mataupu Pepa Faʻamatalaga (Lisi 3). 3dpam na faatinoina e fomai tipitipi pe aʻoga fomaʻi i le 7 suʻesuʻega (47%) ma le tasi isi tagata suʻesuʻe i le tusitusiga (7%). O le averesi o numera o tagata suʻesuʻe o le 14 (maualalo 2, maualuga 30). Tolusefulu tolu suʻesuʻega (49%) iloiloina 3DPAM morphilogction agavaʻa, ma 10 suʻesuʻega (15%) iloiloina 3dpam morses 3DPam monpphol alatele ai O le 33 Suesuega e faʻaaoga ai suʻega agavaa, 16 faʻaaogaina le talafeagai o faʻamatalaga faʻamatalaga (48%), 9 faʻaaogaina suʻega / suʻega / suʻega (27%). Lisi 3 o loʻo aoteleina ai iloiloga o faʻataʻitaʻiga o faʻataʻitaʻiga i aʻoaʻoga taʻitasi.
E tolusefulu-tolu (48%) tusitusiga na suesueina ma faʻatusatusa le lelei o le aʻoaʻoina o le aʻoaʻoga 3DPAm i tamaiti aʻoga. O nei suʻesuʻega, 23 (70%) Mataupu iloilo a tamaiti aʻoga faamalieina, 17 (51%) faʻaaogaina ituaiga fetutuni, ma 6 (18%) faʻaaoga isi metotia. Luasefulu lua tala (67%) iloilo tamaiti aʻoga e ala i le poto suega suega, o le 10 (30%) faʻaaogaina tagata faʻapitoa ma / poʻo pou. Sefulutasi Suʻesuʻega (33%) faʻaaogaina fesili e tele-filifiliga ma suʻega e iloilo tamaiti aʻoga, ma Lima Suʻesuʻega (15%) faʻaaogaina ata igoa / faʻapitoa. O le averesi o le 76 tamaiti aʻoga na auai i suʻesuʻega taʻitasi (maualalo 8, maualuga 319). Luasefulu fa-fa suʻesuʻega (72%) sa i ai se vaega pule, o le 20 (60%) faʻaaogaina masani. I le eseʻesega, tasi suʻesuʻega (3%) faʻasoasoaina faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga i le 10 eseese tamaiti aʻoga. I le averesi, 2.6 vaega sa faʻatusatusaina (maualalo 2, maualuga 10). Luasefulu tolu suʻesuʻega (70%) aofia ai tamaiti aʻoga fomaʻi, lea 14%) o tamaiti fomai muamua. Ono (18%) suʻesuʻega o loʻo auai i tagata nofo, 4 (12%) tamaiti nifo nifo, ma le 3 (9%) tamaiti Saienisi. Ono suʻesuʻega (18%) faʻatinoina ma iloiloina aʻoaʻoga tutoʻatasi le faʻaaogaina o le 3DPAm. Laulau 4 4 o loʻo otootoina iʻuga o le 3DSpam amoina le aoga o le iloiloga mo tagata taʻitasi uma e aofia ai suʻesuʻega.
O aoga taua o le faʻaaogaina o le 3DPPAM o se aʻoaʻoga meafaigaluega mo aʻoaʻoga masani tagata lipotia e le au tusitala: 55, 505], ma le tele o mea . , 45, 48, 64], LAASO MA SALAMOAI MA LE AOAO [24 27, 41, 45, 45, 45, 5, 60, 64, 80, 81, 8], 8], 45, 5, 5, 59, 61, 67, 6.], o le tomai e faʻataʻitaʻiina ai tamaiti [30, 49], faʻasaoina taimi [61] o le teuina o le galuega faʻatino. [51, 53, 55] 67], televave fausaga o faʻataʻitaʻiga o auivi [81], O le mafaia soo i le fausiaina o le fale [49, 71] (23] e faʻapea foi i le faiaʻoga 25, 63] ma le fiafia i le tamaititi aʻoga [25, 63]. 45, 46, 52, 52, 57, 63, 66, 69].
O mea leaga autu e fesoʻotaʻi ma le ata: mautu [80] onosa [28, 6, 6, 45, 45, 45, itulau masolau. ma le fasimoli o le fola [71]. O isi faaletonu e aofia ai le leiloa o faʻamatalaga [30, 76], o loʻo manaʻomia ai le vaega o ata [57, 58, 74], 67], o le leai o se mea totino [253, 67], ma tau. Maualuga [48].
O lenei iloiloga faʻatulagaina o loʻo otooto ai le 68 mataupu na lolomiina i luga o le 9 tausaga ma faʻamamafa le fiafia o le faʻasaienisi i le va o le aʻoaʻoga tagata. Sa suʻesuʻeina ma le 3DD. O nei tala, 37 o tala sa faatusatusa 3dpam ma isi faʻataʻitaʻiga, ma le 33 Mataupu e iloiloina ai le pedamogcal talafeagai o le 3DPAM o tamaiti.
I le eseʻesega i le ata mai o faʻamaumauga a le 3D lolomiina o suʻesuʻega, matou te leʻi manatu e talafeagai le faʻatautaia o se metatic. O le meta-Sussession lomia i le 2020 sili ona taulaʻi atu i le poto malamalama suʻega pe a maeʻa toleniga e aunoa ma le suesueina o le faʻatekinisi ma tekonolosi o le 3DPAMA mamanu ma le gaosiga [10].
O le ulu o le ulu o le sili ona suʻesuʻeina, masalo ona o le lavelave o lona manatu e sili atu ona faigata i tamaiti aʻoga e faʻaalia ai le vase o loʻo faʻatusatusa i le tolu-loloto CT o le mamao e masani ona faʻaaoga e le masani ai le mafaufau loloto. O lenei togafiti e masani ona faʻaaogaina, aemaise i togafitiga faʻafomaʻi, ae e faʻatapulaʻaina le saʻo o le spatatal ma le maualalo malu ai tisu. O nei tapulaʻa o loʻo faia ai le ST SC e le talafeagai mo le faʻatulagaina ma le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le neura. I le isi itu, o le faʻaaogaina o le AMmography o loʻo sili atu ona fetaui lelei mo le ponaivi tissue. O le ponaivi / vaivai le feteʻenaʻi e sili atu onaea e faʻamaeʻa ai nei sitepu ae le o le 3D lolomiina o faʻataʻitaʻiga. I le isi itu, e manatu ai le microcct le faasinomaga tekonolosi i tulaga o le spatial fofo i ponaivi. O tagata suʻesuʻe i luga o le STRA. Maualuga iugafono puipuia puipuia le manogi o le ponaivi ma faasaolotoina le malamalama o le auupega amatomical fale [59]. O le filifiliga o faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo aʻafia ai foi le fofo o le spatatal: Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, placmization faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo i ai se iugata maualalo [45]. E tatau ona faia e tagata mamanuina tagata mamanuina masani le 3D faʻataʻitaʻiga, e aofia ai tau ($ 25 i le $ 150 i le itula) [43]. Mauaina o le maualuga maualuga-lelei faila e le lava e faia e fausia ai le maualuga-lelei manatu patino. E manaʻomia le fuafua o le lolomiina o mea faʻaletagata, pei o le faʻatulagaina o le faʻafaʻaiga o le faʻa-le-lolomi [29]. O nisi tusitala fautuaina e alualu i luma Lomiga o tekonolosi e pei o SLS e tatau ona faʻaaogaina soʻo se mea e mafai ai e faʻaleleia ai le saʻo o le 3DPAMA o le saʻo o le 3DPAm [38]. Le gaosiga o le 3DPam e manaʻomia le fesoasoani faʻapolofesa; Le tagata e sili ona sailia - pe a maeʻa aʻoaʻoga faʻapitoa o inisinia [72], leitio, [7 75], faʻatulagaina o loʻo matou faʻatinoina [47, 77, 77].
Vaega o le Vaega ma Faʻataʻitaʻiga Polokalama o mea taua i le mauaina saʻo o faʻamatalaga saʻo, ae o le tau o nei polokalama afifi ma lavelave faʻalavelave latou faʻaaogaina. E tele suesuega o loʻo faʻatusaina e le faʻaogaina o ni polokalame eseese ma lolomiga tekonolosi, faʻamamafa ai siosiomaga ma le agavaʻa o tagata matutua taʻitasi [68]. I le faʻaopopo atu i le faʻataʻitaʻiga polokalama, lolomiina o polokalama fetu o loʻo faʻatusa ma le lotoa filifilia e manaʻomia foi; O nisi tusitala e fiafia e faʻaaoga i luga ole laiga 3D lolomi [75]. Afai ua lava mea e 3 i le 3d o loʻo lomia, e mafai e le tupe teufaafaigaluega ona toe aumai mea tau tupe [72].
Palasitika o le sili atu o mea masani ona faʻaaogaina. O le lautele o le tele o foliga ma lanu e faia ai le mea o le filifiliga mo le 3DPam. O nisi tusitala ua latou viia lona malosi maualuga pe a faatusa i le faapaopaleni poʻo lau faʻataʻitaʻiga [24, 56, 73]. O nisi plastics e i ai le punou pe filogia meatotino. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, Fialafix ma le FDM tekinolosi e mafai ona faʻaliliuina atu i le 700%. O nisi tusitala e mafaufau i le mea o filifiliga mo maso, nifo ma ligusfimiction «63]. I le isi itu, e lua suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻe ua lotu ai fesili e uiga i le agelu o loʻo i le taimi o lolomi. O le mea moni, Musika file folasaga o loʻo vaʻaia, faʻaofi, motusia, ma galuega e taua i le maso faʻataʻitaʻi [33].
Mea e ofo ai, nai suʻesuʻega faʻatuai le fua o le lolomiina. Talu ai ona o le toʻatele o tagata e manatu o le 1: 1 faʻatusatoo e faʻapea o ni tofiga, atonu e filifili le tusitala ia aua nei taʻua. E ui lava o le faʻavasegaina o le a aoga mo le aʻoaʻoina o vaega tele i vaega tetele, o le avanoa e suʻesuʻeina, aemaise lava ma le faʻateleina o aʻoga e avea ma faʻataʻitaʻiga. O le mea moni, o fua atoa o le lapoa faigofie e suʻe ma fesoʻotaʻi ma elemene lapopoa eleeleami o loʻo faʻamatalaina pe aisea latou masani ai.
O le tele o tagata lolomi e avanoa i luga o le maketi, o latou e faʻaaogaina polyjet (mea i totonu o le tekinolosi e maua ai le tele o le US $ 200,000 (htts (htts (htts (htts (htts (htts (hypes (htts (htts (htts (htt-dul-dog (hypram /www.aniwaa.com/). O lenei tau maualuga e ono faʻatapulaʻaina le faʻalauiloaina o le 3DPAM i aʻoga faʻafomaʻi. Faʻaopopo atu i le tau o le tagata lolomitusi, o le tau o mea e manaʻomia mo le lolomiina o le Inkjet lolomiina e sili atu nai lo le afi pe fdm lolomi [68]. O tau mo le Sla poʻo le FDM faʻasalalau e sili atu foʻi, e amata mai ai mai le € 576 i le € 576 i le € 4,999 i tusitusiga o loʻo lisiina i lenei iloiloga. E tusa ai ma vasega malaga ma koluse, o vaega o Silase uma e mafai ona lolomiina mo le $ 1.25 [47]. Sefulutasi Suʻesuʻe Faʻamavae o le 3D lolomiina o le taugofieina nai lo le faʻapupulaina o faʻataʻitaʻiga poʻo pisinisi faʻalauiloa [24, 27, 4, 41, 8, 813, 8, 81, 81). E le gata i lea, o nei faʻamatalaga faʻapisinisi ua fuafuaina e saunia ai faʻamatalaga a le gasegase e leʻo faʻaalia ai se aʻoaʻoga a le Aʻotoma. O nei faʻataʻitaʻiga o pisinisi e manatu e maualalo atu i le 3DPAMM [44]. E taua le matauina o lena, i le faʻaopopoa i le lololo o tekonolosi na faʻaaogaina, o le tau mulimuli e faʻapitoa i le fua ma o le mea lea o le umi mulimuli o le 3DMAM [48]. Mo nei mafuaaga, o le fua atoa-fua e sili atu [37].
Naʻo le tasi le suʻesuʻega na faʻatusatusa ai le 3dpam ma pisinisi i le faʻaaogaina o se magamimical faʻataʻitaʻiga [72]. O faʻataʻitaʻiga a le Cadavertic o le sili ona masani ona faʻaaogaina le faʻatusatusaina mo le 3DPam. E ui i a o latou tapulaʻa, ma o le a le mea e tumau ai mea faigaluega a le faiā a le malo ma le aʻoaʻoina o le aʻoaʻoga a O se mea iloga e tatau ona faia i le va o le autopyy, aveese ma matutu ponaivi. Faavae i toleniga suega, filifiliga e lua na faʻaalia ai na matua aoga lava le 3DApam i lo le palaaiina [16, 27]. Tasi suʻesuʻega faʻatusatusa i le tasi itula o toleniga faʻaaogaina 3DPam (maualalo pito i lalo) ma le tasi le itula o le vaʻai o le tutusa o le itulagi [78]. E leai se eseesega taua i le va o auala faafaiaoga e lua. Masalo e leʻo suesuega sinasina i lenei mataupu aua o ia faʻatusatusa foʻi e faigata ona fai. Faʻatupuina o se taimi-faʻaumatiaga o sauniuniga mo tamaiti aʻoga. E i ai taimi e manaʻomia ai le tele o itula o tapenaga, fuafua i le mea o loʻo ia saunia. O le tolu faatusatusaga e mafai ona faia ma matutu ponaivi. O se suʻesuʻega na tusia ai e Tai ma Smith o sikoa o suʻega na sili atu lona lelei i le kulupu faʻaaoga le 3DPAAM [51, 63]. Chen ma kolisi na tusia ai tamaiti aʻoga faʻaaogaina le 3D faʻataʻitaʻiga e sili atu le lelei i le faʻailoaina o fausaga (ato), ae leai se eseesega i le MCQ STER [69]. Ma le mea mulimuli, o le fitafita ma uo na faʻaalia sili atu post-suʻega faʻaiuga i lenei vaega faʻaaogaina le 3DPam o le Forduzatane Fossa [46]. Isi mea faafaifeau a aʻoaʻoga fou na faʻailoa i lenei faitauga. E masani ona taʻatele i totonu o latou o loʻo faamanatuina moni moni, tafailagi moni ma ogaoga taʻaloga [43]. E tusa ai ma le Mahrous ma uo, e fiafia i ai mo le Atitomomical faʻataʻitaʻiga e fuafua i le numera o itula tamaiti aʻoga taʻalo vitio taʻaloga [31]. I le isi itu, o se tala tele o mea fou e aʻoaʻo atu ai anatomy e aʻoaʻo ai mea faigaluega, aemaise mo meafaigaluega mama mama [48].
Tele o suʻesuʻega Iloiloga o le New 3dpam ua faʻaaogaina le faʻapitoa o le poto. O nei faafoliga fesoasoani aloese mai le faaituau i le iloiloga. O nisi o tusitala, ae leʻi faia ni suʻesuʻega o suʻesuʻega, e le aofia ai tamaiti aʻoga uma na e puʻeina i luga aʻe o le averesi o le suʻega muamua [40]. I totonu o le BIAS garas ma laʻu uo ua taʻua o le lanu o le faʻataʻitaʻiga ma le filifiliga o volenitia i le vasega aʻoga o [61]. O le sailia e faʻafaigofie ai le faʻailoaina o mea totino. Chen ma Comoata na faʻavaeina tulaga faʻamalositino tulaga ma le leai o ni tulaga ese i le va o kulupu ma le suʻesuʻega na tauaso i le maualuga maualuga e mafai [69]. Ua fautuaina e le Little Limane le iloiloga o le suʻega o le suʻega e se isi vaega e aloese ai mai le suʻega i le iloiloga [16]. O nisi suʻesuʻega o loʻo faʻaaoga ai le au artters e suʻesuʻe ai le talafeagai o le 3DPam. O lenei mea faigaluega e talafeagai mo le iloiloina o le faamalieina, ae o loʻo iai lava ona aoga eʻea ia nofouta i le [86].
O le aʻoaʻoga taua o le 3DDA sa iloilo muamua i tamaiti o suʻesuʻega, e aofia ai tamaiti aʻoga fomaʻi, i le 14 o suʻesuʻega. I le latou pailate suʻesuʻe, ua lipotia ma komiti le au aʻoga faʻafomaʻi e tatau ona aofia ai le tagata folau 3D. 87% o tamaiti aʻoga na suʻesuʻeina i le Cercenelli suʻesuʻe na talitonu o le tausaga lona lua o le aʻoga o le taimi sili lea e faʻaaoga ai le 3DPAm [84]. O faʻaiuga o Tanner ma uo na faʻaalia ai na faia e tamaiti aʻoga ia sili atu le lelei pe afai latou te leʻi suʻesuʻeina le malae [46]. O nei faʻamaumauga ua fautuaina ai o le tausaga muamua o le aʻoga faafomai o le sili lea taimi e tuʻufaʻatasia ai le 3DPAm i le Aatatomy aʻoaʻo. O loʻo e faʻaaogaina le meta-aʻoaʻoga lagolago lenei manatu [18]. I le isi itu o le 27 o tala o loʻo aofia ai i totonu o le suʻesuʻega, e tusa lava ma eseesega masani i le faatinoga o le 3DDAm pe a faʻatusatusa i faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻaleaganuʻu i tamaiti aʻoga faafomai a fomai, ae le oi fata.
3DPAPAM E pei ona aʻoaʻoina le vaega o le Tosinagaaga Faʻaleleia [16, 35, 52, 52, mo le Finatu Faʻafiafia [32, 57, 52, 63 , 66]. , 69, 84]. Na maua ai foi e laupepa au tagata atamamai nei faʻataʻitaʻiga aoga [37, 42, 49, 81, 82], ma lua suʻesuʻega na faʻamalieina ai le aiga ma le 3DPAM [25, 63]. O punaoa uma, fale puipui ma au faigaluega e mafaufau i le 3D lolomiina o le sili sili ona sili ona sili ona sili atu o le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻalauiloa [49]. I le latou uluaʻi faʻamatalaga, na ou faʻamaonia o tamaiti aʻoga na mauaina ni faʻatonuga e 3DAPAM e sili atu ona lelei le suʻega o le 2D poʻo le cadaver prosan [10]. Peitaʻi, sa latou faʻatusatusaina le faʻalagolago i le 75pam e leʻo le faigata, ae naʻo le loto, faʻamalologa tino, ma le le mafaufau o le manava. I le fitu suʻesuʻega, e leʻi suia ai isi suʻesuʻega i isi faʻataʻitaʻiga e faʻatatau i le silafia suʻega na faʻatautaia i tamaiti [32, 78, 84]. I a latou meta-auiliiliga, Salazar ma uo na faʻamaeʻaina e le faʻaaogaina o le 3DPAM e faʻapitoa ai le malamalama i le malamalama o le faʻaʻailima [17]. O lenei manatu e ogatasi ma le 'tusi a le Hyas i le Edit [88]. O nisi vaega o mea e manatu e le manatu e le manaʻomia le faʻaaogaina o le 3DPam, ae sili atu ona faigata ana tino (pei o le ua po o le pervom scord O lenei manatu e ono faʻamatala pe aisea e le manatu ai nisi 3dpums i faʻataʻitaʻiga masani, aemaise pe a le lava le poto i le vaega o loʻo maua e sili atu. O lona uiga, ia faʻaalia se faʻataʻitaʻiga faigofie i tamaiti aʻoga ua i ai ni o latou malamalama i le mataupu (aʻoga faʻafomaʻi poʻo tagata e le aoga i le faʻaleleia atili o le aʻoga a tamaiti aʻoga.
O faʻamanuiaga o aʻoaʻoga o aʻoaʻoga ua lisiina, 11 suʻesuʻega na o lona faʻamamafa o faʻataʻitaʻiga [27,45,45,45,55,62,62,72,62,72,62 , 50 -52, 63, 79, 85, 86). O isi faʻamanuiaga e faʻaaoga e tamaiti aʻoga o faamatalaga. vaega [30, 49, 60, 61, 80, 81]. Toe faia le 3D lolomi mo le maualuga-voilima aʻoaʻoga e faia ai le 3D lolomi faʻataʻitaʻiga sili atu tau-talafeagai [26]. O le faʻaaogaina o le 3DPAm e mafai ona faʻaleleia atili ai le mafaufau mafaufau [23] ma faʻaleleia atili le faʻauigaina o ata o kolosi [23, 32]. Lua suʻesuʻega na maua e masani ona faʻaalia e tamaiti aʻoga i le 3DPAMAS e ono feagai ma faʻafitauli i le amataga [40, 74]. O loʻo mafai ona faʻapipiʻiina tagata uamea e fai ai le gaioiga e manaʻomia e suesue ai le aoga galuega [51, 53], poʻo faʻataʻitaʻiga e mafai ona lolomiina faʻataʻitaʻiina o loʻo faʻaaoga i lalo e faʻaaogaina ai le trigger.
3D lolomi faʻataga le faia o faʻataʻitaʻiga lelei e ala i le faʻaleleia atili o vaega i le taimi o le faʻataʻitaʻiga tulaga, [489] Faʻasalaga le tele o faʻataʻitaʻiga, [4] pe faia o ni fausaga i totonu e vaaia [30]. O Tripdio ma Comtogues na faʻaaogaina le ata o loʻo faʻavasega e faʻamaufaʻailogaina a latou 3D priment Bone faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻamamafaina le taua o faʻataʻitaʻiga o aʻoaʻoga meafaigaluega [47]. I le 9 suʻesuʻega, sa faʻaaogaina le lanu ina ua uma ona lolomi [43, 46, 49, 58, 58, 59, 7 49]! Ae paga lea, o le suʻesuʻega e leʻi iloiloina le lelei o faʻataʻitaʻiga aʻoaʻoga poʻo le faʻasologa o aʻoaʻoga. O lenei mea e tatau ona mafaufau i ai i le aofaʻi o aʻoaʻoga aʻoaʻoga, o faʻamanuiaga o aʻoaʻoga ma le faʻaaogaina o lesona ua faʻavaeina [89]. O le taulimaina ma le faʻateleina o gaoioiga faʻasalalauga, o le aʻoaʻoga na faʻaaoga ia te oe lava e iloiloina ai mo faʻataʻitaʻiga. 24, 27, 89, 89, 89].
Sa tasi suʻesuʻega na faʻaiʻu o le lanu o le palasitika mea na matua pupula [45], o se isi suʻesuʻega na faʻaiʻu o le faʻatusa o le maaleaʻai e pei o le leai o se faʻapitoa o faʻataʻitaʻiga [25, 45 ]. . Fitu Fitugafulu ua maeʻa ona o le natomimict auiliiliga o le 3DAMAM e le lava [28, 34, 45, 48, 62, 61].
Mo nisi faʻamatalaga auiliili auiliiliga o lapoʻa ma faigata, pei o le retroperiveoleinemaneum poʻo le faʻavaomalo ma le tau o le taimi e matua maualuga lava ma le tau e sili atu lona umi (e tusa o le tau e matua maualuga ai (e tusa ma le tau e $ 2000). O le HOO lea ma komiti na lipotia mai ia latou suʻesuʻega o le fausiaina o se mea na ia faʻataʻitaʻi o le pelvis na ave 40 itula [42]. O le umi o le umi o le taimi na 380 itula i le suʻesuʻeina e le witathrall ma uo, lea e tele faʻataʻitaʻiga na tuʻufaʻatasia e faia ai se faʻataʻitaʻiga o le peditararic formaway fortast [36]. E iva suʻesuʻega, vaega o loʻo manatu i faʻataugalii aʻi le au lolomitusi a latou manaʻoga [36, 42, 57, 58, 74]. Peitaʻi, o le 12 o loʻo faitio ai i meatotino faʻaletino a latou faʻataʻitaʻiga, ae mai o latou o le malosi, [30] le malamalama ma le monochromomomouty 10 [6]] leai se auiliiliga [66] pe leai se auiliiliga [66] pe leai ni le aoga [61] pe leai foi o le suavai [281] 34]. , 45, 48, 62, 63, 81]. O nei faʻaletonu e mafai ona sosolo i le faʻateleina o le vaega poʻo le taimi faʻataʻitaʻi. Leiloa ma le toe mauaina faʻamatalaga talafeagai o se faʻafitauli sa feagai ma 'au e tolu [304, 77]. E tusa ai ma le gasegase lipoti, o totonu o loʻo i ai i soʻo se vaega e leʻi maua ai se vaaiga lautele ona o le taumafaina tapulaʻa [74]. O le tui o le cadavertic faʻataʻitaʻiga foliga mai o se auala lelei e faʻaosofia ai mai le faʻavae o le "laʻititi le mafai" ma le faʻatapulaʻaina o le tui o le tupuaga sosaiete tui.
Ae paga lea, tele mataupu e le taʻua ai ni uiga taua o le 3DPam. Itiiti nai lo le afa o tala faʻaalia manino o loʻo faʻaalia pe o la latou 3DPam na tusia. Inisiua o le aotelega o le Lolomi na ogatasi (43% o tusitusiga), ma naʻo 34% na taʻua le faʻaaogaina o le tele o faʻasalalauga. O nei lolomiina tapulaʻa e taua tele ona latou te faʻatosinaina meatotino a le aʻoaʻoga o le 3DAPAM. O le tele o mataupu e le saunia lava faʻamatalaga e uiga i faigata o le mauaina o le 3DPAP (Time Time, Accord Contwords, Captic tau, ma isi taʻitasi). O nei faʻamatalaga e taua tele ma e tatau ona mafaufauina aʻo leʻi mafaufauina se galuega e atiaʻe ai se 3dpam.
O lenei faʻafoega o le faʻafoega o loʻo faʻaalia ai o le fuafuaina ma le 3D lolomiina masani manatu o faʻataʻitaʻiga e mafai ona mafai i tau maualalo, aemaise pe a faʻaaogaina le fdm poʻo le sili ona tauʻave. Peitaʻi, o nei togafiti taua e mafai ona faʻaleleia e ala i le faʻaopopoina o lanu poʻo le faʻaopopoina o ni mamanu eseese. Sili atu le moni faʻataʻitaʻiga (lolomiina faʻaaogaina ni mea eseese o lanu o lanu e toe fetuʻutuʻutuʻunaʻiga o le tau o le CADAV o le Sceaver ma le sili ona taugata 3D i le umi o le Dimin Schoolotions ma umi o mea e sili ona tupu. O le a faʻateleina ai le faʻateleina o le tau atoa. Tusa lava poʻo le a le mea e filifilia ai le lolomiina o auala, filifili le talafeagai lagona o le ki i le 3Dpam manuia. O le maualuga o le iugafono a spatiation, o le sili atu le moni o le faʻatusa o loʻo avea ma mafai ona faʻaaogaina mo suʻesuʻega alualu i luma. Mai se vaega o le mafaufau, 3Dpaam o se meafaigaluega aoga mo aʻoaʻoga aotim, e pei ona faʻamaonia e le malamalama faʻataʻitaʻi faʻatautaia i tamaiti aʻoga ma latou faamalieina. O le aʻoaʻoga a le aʻoaʻoga o le 3DPam e sili ona lelei pe a fai o le toe gaosia o nofoaga faigata ma tamaiti aʻoga faʻaaoga i le amataga o latou aʻoaʻoga faafomaʻi.
O le datasetts gaosia ma / pe auiliiliina i le taimi nei suesuega e le o avanoa lautele ona o le gagana papupuni ae o avanoa mai le tusitala talafeagai.
Duke rl, maualalo dj, pruitt cm. O se iloiloga o le Misiona Jatomy, microcatomy, Neurobiology, ma le Conryortologry vasega i totonu o le US Schem Inform Cry Curriclalala. Na manatua pea. 2002; 269 (2): 118-22.
Ghosh Sku Cadaaveric Daicection o se aʻoaʻoga meafaigaluega mo le sagatomical Souncation i le 21st seneturi: Faʻafanua o se aʻoga aoga. Auiliiliga o le Saienisi Aoga. 2017; 10 (3): 286-99.
Taimi taimi: Nov-13-2023