O faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapipiʻi tolu-dimensional (3DPAMs) e foliga mai o se meafaigaluega talafeagai ona o lo latou aoga faʻaleaʻoaʻoga ma le mafai.O le fa'amoemoe o lenei iloiloga o le fa'amatala ma au'ili'ili auala na fa'aaogaina e fatu ai le 3DPAM mo le a'oa'oina o le tino o le tagata ma iloilo lona sao fa'aa'oa'oga.
Sa faia se suʻesuʻega faʻaeletoroni i PubMed e faʻaaoga ai faaupuga nei: aʻoga, aʻoga, aʻoaʻoga, aʻoaʻoga, aʻoaʻoga, aʻoaʻoga, tolu-dimensional, 3D, 3-dimensional, lomitusi, lomitusi, lomitusi, anatomy, anatomy, anatomy, ma anatomy ..O su'esu'ega e aofia ai uiga su'esu'e, fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'iga, su'esu'ega morphological, fa'atinoga o a'oa'oga, malosi ma vaivaiga.
I totonu o le 68 tusiga filifilia, o le numera sili ona tele o suʻesuʻega na taulaʻi i le vaega o le cranial (33 tusiga);51 tala o loʻo taʻua ai le lolomiina o ponaivi.I 47 tusiga, 3DPAM na fausia e faʻavae i luga o faʻasologa faʻasologa.E lima faiga lolomi ua lisiina.Palasitika ma a latou mea na maua mai na faʻaaogaina i suʻesuʻega e 48.O mamanu ta'itasi e fua ile tau mai le $1.25 i le $2,800.E tolu sefulu fitu suʻesuʻega faʻatusatusa le 3DPAM ma faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga.E tolusefulutolu tala na su'esu'eina galuega tau a'oa'oga.O faʻamanuiaga autu o le vaʻaia ma le faʻaogaina lelei, lelei o le aʻoaʻoina, toe faʻaleleia, faʻapitoa ma le agility, faʻasao taimi, tuʻufaʻatasia o le tino faʻatino, sili atu le gafatia o le suiga o le mafaufau, faʻatumauina le malamalama ma le faʻamalieina o faiaoga / tamaiti aoga.O mea le lelei autu e fesoʻotaʻi ma le mamanu: faʻatasi, leai se faʻamatalaga poʻo le manino, lanu e matua susulu, umi taimi lolomi ma tau maualuga.
O lenei iloiloga faʻapitoa e faʻaalia ai o le 3DPAM e taugofie ma aoga mo le aʻoaʻoina o le tino.O faʻataʻitaʻiga sili atu ona moni e manaʻomia ai le faʻaogaina o tekinolosi lomitusi 3D sili atu taugata ma taimi faʻatulagaina umi, lea o le a matua faateleina ai le tau atoa.O le mea autu o le filifili lea o le auala talafeagai ata.Mai se vaaiga faʻaleaʻoaʻoga, 3DPAM o se meafaigaluega aoga mo le aʻoaʻoina o le tino, ma se aafiaga lelei i taunuʻuga aʻoaʻoga ma le faamalieina.O le a'oa'oga a le 3DPAM e sili ona lelei pe a toe gaosia vaega fa'apitoa fa'apitoa ma fa'aaoga vave e tamaiti a'oga i a latou a'oa'oga fa'afoma'i.
O le vaevaeina o tino oti o manu na faia talu mai Eleni anamua ma o se tasi lea o auala autu o le aʻoaʻoina o le tino.Cadaveric dissections faʻatinoina i le taimi o aʻoaʻoga faʻapitoa e faʻaaogaina i le aʻoaʻoga faʻapitoa a tamaiti aʻoga faafomaʻi iunivesite ma o loʻo taʻua nei o le tulaga auro mo le suʻesuʻeina o le tino [1,2,3,4,5].Ae ui i lea, o loʻo i ai le tele o pa puipui i le faʻaaogaina o faʻataʻitaʻiga o tagata oti, e faʻaosofia ai le sailiga mo mea faigaluega fou [6, 7].O nisi o nei meafaigaluega fou e aofia ai mea moni faʻaopoopo, meafaigaluega numera, ma lomitusi 3D.E tusa ai ma se suʻesuʻega talu ai nei a Santos et al.[8] I le tulaga o le taua o nei tekinolosi fou mo le aoaoina o le tino, lolomi 3D e foliga mai o se tasi o punaoa sili ona taua, e le gata i tulaga tau aoga mo tamaiti aoga ma i tulaga o le mafai ona faatino [4,9,10] .
3D lomitusi e le fou.O pateni muamua e fesoʻotaʻi ma lenei tekonolosi na amata i le 1984: A Le Méhauté, O De Witte ma JC André i Farani, ma le tolu vaiaso mulimuli ane C Hull i Amerika.Talu mai lena taimi, o loʻo faʻaauau pea ona faʻaleleia le tekonolosi ma ua faʻalauteleina lona faʻaogaina i le tele o vaega.Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, na lolomiina e le NASA le mea muamua i tua atu o le lalolagi i le 2014 [11].Ua faʻaaogaina foi e le fomaʻi lenei meafaigaluega fou, ma faʻateleina ai le manaʻoga e atiaʻe vailaʻau faʻapitoa [12].
O le tele o tusitala ua faʻaalia le aoga o le faʻaaogaina o faʻataʻitaʻiga anatomical 3D (3DPAM) i aʻoaʻoga faafomaʻi [10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19].Pe a aʻoaʻoina le tino o le tagata, e manaʻomia ni faʻataʻitaʻiga masani e le faʻaleagaina ma le tino.O nisi iloiloga na suʻesuʻeina faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa poʻo faʻafomaʻi / taotoga [8, 20, 21].Ina ia atiaʻe se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga mo le aʻoaʻoina o le tino o le tagata lea e aofia ai meafaigaluega fou e pei o le 3D lomitusi, matou faia se iloiloga faʻapitoa e faʻamatala ma auʻiliʻili pe faʻafefea ona fausia mea lolomi 3D mo le aʻoaʻoina o le tino o le tagata ma pe faʻapefea ona iloilo e tamaiti aʻoga le aoga o le aʻoaʻoina o nei mea 3D.
O lenei suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa na faʻatautaia ia Iuni 2022 e faʻaaoga ai taʻiala a le PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) e aunoa ma ni taimi faʻatapulaʻaina [22].
Tulaga fa'aaofia o pepa su'esu'e uma ia e fa'aaoga ai le 3DPAM ile a'oa'oga/a'oa'oga o le tino.O suʻesuʻega o tusitusiga, tusi, poʻo tala e taulaʻi i faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻamaʻi, faʻataʻitaʻiga manu, faʻataʻitaʻiga o tala faʻasolopito, ma faʻataʻitaʻiga aʻoaʻoga faafomaʻi / tipitipi na le aofia ai.Na o tala na lomia i le gagana Peretania na filifilia.O tala e leai ni fa'amatalaga i luga ole laiga na le'i aofia ai.O mataupu na aofia ai le tele o faʻataʻitaʻiga, a itiiti ifo ma le tasi o ia mea e masani ai le tino poʻo e iai ni faʻamaʻi laiti e le afaina ai le aoga o aʻoaʻoga, na aofia ai.
O se suʻesuʻega tusi na faia i le faʻamaumauga faʻaeletoroni PubMed (National Library of Medicine, NCBI) e faʻamaonia ai suʻesuʻega talafeagai na lomia e oʻo atu ia Iuni 2022. Faʻaaoga upu suʻesuʻe nei: aʻoga, aʻoga, aʻoaʻoga, aʻoaʻo, aʻoaʻo, aʻoaʻoga, aʻoaʻoga, tolu- dimensional, 3D, 3D, lomitusi, lomitusi, lomitusi, anatomy, anatomy, anatomy ma anatomy.Na faia se fesili e tasi: (((a'oa'oga[Igoa/Abstract] PO'O le a'oga[Igoa/Astract] ORlearning[Title/Abstract] PO o le a'oa'o[Suafa/Abstract] PO'O a'oa'oga[Title/Abstract] OReach[Suafa/Abstract] ] PO'O Education [Igoa/Abstract]) MA (Tolu Itu [Suafa] POO LE 3D [Suafa] POO LE 3D [Suafa]) MA LE (Lomi [Suafa] POO Lomia [Suafa] POO Lomia [Suafa]) MA (Anatomy) [Igoa. ] ]/abstract] po'o le tino [igoa/abstract] po'o le tino [title/abstract] po'o le tino [igoa/abstract]).O isi tala na fa'ailoaina e ala i le su'esu'eina ma le lima o le PubMed database ma le toe iloiloina o fa'amatalaga o isi tusitusiga fa'asaienisi.E leai ni aso fa'atapula'a na fa'aogaina, ae na fa'aogaina le faamama o le "Tagata".
O suafa uma na toe maua mai ma fa'amatalaga sa fa'asaga i le fa'aofiina ma le fa'aesea e tusitala e to'alua (EBR ma AL), ma so'o se su'esu'ega e le'i ausia uma tulaga fa'amaonia sa le'i aofia ai.O faʻasalalauga faʻasalalau atoa o suʻesuʻega na totoe na toe maua ma toe iloiloina e tusitala e toʻatolu (EBR, EBE ma AL).Pe a manaʻomia, o feeseeseaiga i le filifilia o mataupu na foia e le tagata lona fa (LT).O fa'asalalauga na ausia uma tulaga fa'aaofia na aofia i lenei iloiloga.
O faʻamaumauga o faʻamaumauga na faia tutoʻatasi e ni tusitala se toʻalua (EBR ma AL) i lalo o le vaavaaiga a le tusitala lona tolu (LT).
- Faʻamatalaga faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga: vaega faʻapitoa, vaega faʻapitoa faʻapitoa, faʻataʻitaʻiga muamua mo le lolomiina 3D, auala faʻatau, faʻavasegaina ma faʻataʻitaʻiga polokalama, ituaiga lomitusi 3D, ituaiga meafaitino ma le aofaʻi, fua lomitusi, lanu, tau lomitusi.
- Suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa o faʻataʻitaʻiga: faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻaaogaina mo faʻatusatusaga, suʻesuʻega faʻafomaʻi o tagata tomai faapitoa / faiaoga, numera o tagata suʻesuʻe, ituaiga o iloiloga.
- Aoaoga 3D faʻataʻitaʻiga: suʻesuʻega o le malamalama o tamaiti aʻoga, metotia suʻesuʻe, numera o tamaiti aʻoga, numera o vaega faʻatusatusa, faʻavasegaina o tamaiti aʻoga, aʻoaʻoga / ituaiga o tamaiti aʻoga.
418 suʻesuʻega na faʻaalia i MEDLINE, ma 139 tusiga na le aofia ai e le "tagata" faamama.Ina ua mae'a le iloiloina o ulutala ma fa'amatalaga, 103 su'esu'ega na filifilia mo le faitauina atoa o tusitusiga.34 tusiga na le aofia ai ona o latou o ni faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻamaʻi (9 tusiga), faʻataʻitaʻiga aʻoaʻoga faʻafomaʻi / tipitipi (4 tusiga), faʻataʻitaʻiga manu (4 tusiga), faʻataʻitaʻiga 3D radiological (1 tusiga) pe e le o ni tusiga faʻasaienisi muamua (16 mataupu).).E 68 le aofaʻi o mataupu na aofia i le iloiloga.Ata 1 o lo'o fa'aalia ai le faiga o filifiliga o se siata fa'asolosolo.
Siata tafe o loʻo aoteleina le faʻamaonia, suʻesuʻeina, ma le faʻaofiina o tala i lenei iloiloga faʻatulagaina
O suʻesuʻega uma na lomia i le va o le 2014 ma le 2022, faʻatasi ai ma le averesi o le tausaga faʻasalalau o le 2019. I totonu o le 68 na aofia ai tusiga, 33 (49%) suʻesuʻega sa faʻamatalaina ma faʻataʻitaʻiga, 17 (25%) na faʻataʻitaʻiina, ma 18 (26%) fa'ata'ita'iga.Fa'amatala manino.Mai le 50 (73%) suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga, 21 (31%) faʻaaogaina faʻasologa.Na'o le 34 su'esu'ega (50%) na aofia ai fa'amaumauga fa'amaumauga.O le laulau 1 o lo'o aoteleina ai uiga o su'esu'ega ta'itasi.
33 tusiga (48%) suʻesuʻeina le ulu ulu, 19 tusiga (28%) suʻesuʻeina le thoracic, 17 tusiga (25%) suʻesuʻeina le abdominopelvic region, ma 15 tusiga (22%) suʻesuʻeina pito.E 51 tala (75%) na ta'ua ai ponaivi lolomi 3D o ni fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'i po'o ni fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'i tele.
E tusa ai ma faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga poʻo faila na faʻaaogaina e atiaʻe ai le 3DPAM, 23 tusiga (34%) na taʻua le faʻaogaina o faʻamaumauga o maʻi, 20 tusiga (29%) na taʻua ai le faʻaogaina o faʻamaumauga o cadaveric, ma 17 tusiga (25%) na taʻua le faʻaogaina o faʻamaumauga.fa'aoga, ma le 7 su'esu'ega (10%) e le'i fa'ailoaina le puna o pepa na fa'aaogaina.
47 suʻesuʻega (69%) na fausia le 3DPAM e faʻavae i luga o suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa, ma 3 suʻesuʻega (4%) lipotia le faʻaogaina o le microCT.7 tala (10%) faʻataʻitaʻiina mea 3D e faʻaaoga ai masini mataʻutia, 4 tusiga (6%) faʻaaogaina MRI, ma 1 tusiga (1%) faʻaoga mea pueata ma microscopes.14 tusiga (21%) e leʻi taʻua le faʻapogai o faila faʻataʻitaʻiga mamanu 3D.O faila 3D e faia ma le averesi fa'afanua fa'afanua e itiiti ifo i le 0.5 mm.O le iuga sili o le 30 μm [80] ma le maualuga o le iugafono o le 1.5 mm [32].
E onosefulu fa'aoga polokalame eseese (vaega, fa'ata'ita'iga, mamanu po'o lomitusi) na fa'aaogaina.Mimics (Materialise, Leuven, Peleseuma) sa masani ona faʻaaogaina (14 suʻesuʻega, 21%), sosoo ai ma MeshMixer (Autodesk, San Rafael, CA) (13 suʻesuʻega, 19%), Geomagic (3D System, MO, NC, Leesville) .(10 suʻesuʻega, 15%), 3D Slicer (Slicer Developer Training, Boston, MA) (9 suʻesuʻega, 13%), Blender (Blender Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands) (8 suʻesuʻega, 12%) ma CURA (Geldemarsen, Netherlands) (7 suʻesuʻega, 10%).
E onosefulu fitu fa'ata'ita'iga lomitusi eseese ma faiga lomitusi e lima o lo'o ta'ua.FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) tekinolosi na faʻaaogaina i 26 oloa (38%), faʻamalama mea i 13 oloa (19%) ma mulimuli ane faʻapipiʻi faʻamau (11 oloa, 16%).O tekinolosi e sili ona fa'aaogaina o le stereolithography (SLA) (5 tusiga, 7%) ma le filifili laser sintering (SLS) (4 tusiga, 6%).O le lomitusi e masani ona faʻaaogaina (7 tusiga, 10%) o le Connex 500 (Stratasys, Rehovot, Israel) [27, 30, 32, 36, 45, 62, 65].
Pe a faʻamaonia mea na faʻaaogaina e fai ai le 3DPAM (51 tusiga, 75%), 48 suʻesuʻega (71%) faʻaaogaina palasitika ma a latou mea e maua mai ai.O mea autu na faʻaaogaina o le PLA (polylactic acid) (n = 20, 29%), resin (n = 9, 13%) ma le ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) (7 ituaiga, 10%).23 tusiga (34%) na suʻesuʻeina le 3DPAM na faia mai le tele o mea, 36 tusiga (53%) na tuʻuina atu le 3DPAM na faia mai naʻo le tasi mea, ma 9 tusiga (13%) e leʻi faʻamaonia se mea.
E 29 tala (43%) na lipotia mai le fua faatatau lolomi mai le 0.25:1 i le 2:1, ma le averesi o le 1:1.E luasefululima mataupu (37%) na fa'aogaina le fua faatatau 1:1.28 3DPAMs (41%) e aofia ai le tele o lanu, ma 9 (13%) na valiina ina ua uma ona lolomi [43, 46, 49, 54, 58, 59, 65, 69, 75].
E tolusefulufa mataupu (50%) na ta'ua tau.9 tala (13%) na taʻua le tau o lomitusi 3D ma mea mataʻutia.O lo'o tau lomitusi mai le $302 i le $65,000.Pe a faʻamaonia, o tau faʻataʻitaʻiga e amata mai le $1.25 i le $2,800;o nei tulaga ogaoga e fetaui ma faʻataʻitaʻiga skeletal [47] ma faʻataʻitaʻiga retroperitoneal maualuga-faamaoni [48].O le laulau 2 o lo'o aoteleina ai fa'amaumauga fa'ata'ita'iga mo su'esu'ega ta'itasi e aofia ai.
E tolusefulu fitu suʻesuʻega (54%) faʻatusatusa le 3DAPM i se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga.I totonu o nei suʻesuʻega, o le faʻatusatusaga sili ona taatele o se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa, faʻaaogaina i 14 tusiga (38%), plastinated sauniuniga i 6 tusiga (16%), ma plastinated sauniuniga i 6 articles (16%).Fa'aaogāina o mea moni fa'akomepiuta, fa'akomepiuta tomography imaging tasi 3DPAM i 5 tusiga (14%), isi 3DPAM i 3 tusiga (8%), ta'aloga ogaoga i le 1 tusiga (3%), radiographs i le 1 tusiga (3%), fa'ata'ita'iga pisinisi i totonu. 1 tusiga (3%) ma faʻateleina mea moni ile 1 tusiga (3%).Tolusefulufa (50%) su'esu'ega na su'esu'eina le 3DPAM.E sefululima (48%) su'esu'ega fa'amatalaga au'ili'ili a le au fa'ailoga (Laulau 3).3DPAM na faia e fomai tipitipi poʻo le auai i fomaʻi i 7 suʻesuʻega (47%), faʻapitoa faʻapitoa i suʻesuʻega 6 (40%), tamaiti aʻoga i suʻesuʻega 3 (20%), faiaoga (aʻoaʻiga e le o faʻamaonia) i suʻesuʻega 3 (20%) mo suʻesuʻega ma le isi tagata su'esu'e i le tusiga (7%).Ole fuainumera ole su'esu'e ole 14 (la'ititi 2, maualuga 30).E tolusefulu-tolu su'esu'ega (49%) na su'esu'eina le 3DPAM morphology fa'atatau, ma 10 su'esu'ega (15%) su'esu'eina le 3DPAM morphology fa'atatau.Mai le 33 suʻesuʻega na faʻaaogaina suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa, 16 na faʻaaogaina suʻesuʻega faʻamatalaga mama (48%), 9 faʻaaogaina suʻega / faʻatatau / suʻesuʻega (27%), ma le 8 faʻaaogaina fua Likert (24%).O le laulau 3 o lo'o aoteleina ai su'esu'ega morphological o fa'ata'ita'iga i su'esu'ega ta'itasi e aofia ai.
E tolu sefulu tolu (48%) mataupu na su'esu'eina ma fa'atusatusa le aoga o le a'oa'oina o le 3DPAM i tamaiti a'oga.O nei suʻesuʻega, 23 (70%) tusiga na suʻesuʻeina le faamalieina o tamaiti aoga, 17 (51%) faʻaaogaina fua Likert, ma 6 (18%) faʻaaogaina isi metotia.E 22 mataupu (67%) na su'esu'eina le a'oa'oina o tamaiti a'oga e ala i su'ega o le malamalama, lea e 10 (30%) na fa'aogaina su'ega muamua ma/po'o su'ega mulimuli.E sefulutasi suʻesuʻega (33%) na faʻaogaina fesili ma suʻega e tele-filifiliga e iloilo ai le malamalama o tamaiti aoga, ma suʻesuʻega e lima (15%) na faʻaogaina le faʻailoga ata / faʻamatalaga faʻapitoa.E tusa ma le 76 tamaiti aʻoga na auai i suʻesuʻega taʻitasi (laʻititi 8, maualuga 319).E luasefulufa suʻesuʻega (72%) sa i ai se vaega faʻatonutonu, lea na faʻaaogaina ai e 20 (60%) faʻaogaina faʻapitoa.I se faʻatusatusaga, tasi suʻesuʻega (3%) na tuʻuina faʻataʻitaʻi faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga i tamaiti aoga eseese e 10.I le averesi, 2.6 vaega na faʻatusatusaina (laʻititi 2, maualuga 10).E luasefulutolu suʻesuʻega (70%) na aofia ai tamaiti aʻoga faafomaʻi, lea e 14 (42%) o tamaiti aʻoga faafomaʻi tausaga muamua.E ono (18%) su'esu'ega na aofia ai tagata nofomau, 4 (12%) tamaiti a'oga nifo, ma le 3 (9%) tamaiti a'oga fa'asaienisi.E ono su'esu'ega (18%) na fa'atinoina ma iloilo a'oa'oga tuto'atasi e fa'aaoga ai le 3DPAM.O le Siata 4 o lo'o aoteleina ai fa'ai'uga o le su'esu'ega lelei o a'oa'oga a le 3DPAM mo su'esu'ega ta'itasi e aofia ai.
O faʻamanuiaga autu o le faʻaaogaina o le 3DPAM o se meafaigaluega faʻafaiaoga mo le aʻoaʻoina o le tino masani o le tagata na lipotia mai e le au tusitala o uiga vaaia ma faʻaogaina, e aofia ai mea moni [55, 67], saʻo [44, 50, 72, 85], ma le fesuisuiai tumau [34] ., 45, 48, 64], lanu ma le manino [28, 45], faatuatuaina [24, 56, 73], aafiaga faaleaoaoga [16, 32, 35, 39, 52, 57, 63, 69, 79], tau [ 27, 41, 44, 45, 48, 51, 60, 64, 80, 81, 83], toe faʻaleleia [80], avanoa e faʻaleleia ai poʻo faʻapitoa [28, 30, 36, 45, 48, 51, 53, 59, 61, 67, 80], le mafai ona faʻaogaina tamaiti aoga [30, 49], faʻasaoina taimi aʻoaʻoga [61, 80], faigofie o le teuina [61], le mafai ona tuʻufaʻatasia le anatomy galue poʻo le fatuina o fausaga faʻapitoa [51, 53], 67], vave faʻataʻitaʻiga o faʻataʻitaʻiga auivi [81], o le mafai ona galulue faʻatasi ma faʻaoga fale faʻataʻitaʻiga [49, 60, 71], faʻaleleia le malosi o le suiga o le mafaufau [23] ma le faatumauina o le malamalama [32], faʻapea foʻi ma le faiaoga [ 25, 63] ma le faamalieina o tamaiti aoga [25, 63].45, 46, 52, 52, 57, 63, 66, 69, 84].
O faʻaletonu autu e fesoʻotaʻi ma le mamanu: faʻamalosi [80], tumau [28, 62], leai se faʻamatalaga poʻo le manino [28, 30, 34, 45, 48, 62, 64, 81], lanu susulu tele [45].ma le vaivai o le fola[71].O isi mea le lelei e aofia ai le leiloa o faʻamatalaga [30, 76], umi le taimi e manaʻomia mo le vaeluaga o ata [36, 52, 57, 58, 74], taimi lolomi [57, 63, 66, 67], leai se fesuiaiga faʻapitoa [25], ma tau .Maualuluga[48].
O lenei iloiloga fa'atulagaina o lo'o aoteleina ai tala e 68 na fa'asalalauina i luga o le 9 tausaga ma fa'amamafa ai le fiafia o le sosaiete fa'asaienisi i le 3DPAM o se meafaigaluega mo le a'oa'oina o le tino o le tagata.Sa su'esu'eina vaega ta'itasi fa'aanatomi ma lolomi 3D.O nei tusiga, 37 tusiga faʻatusatusa le 3DPAM ma isi faʻataʻitaʻiga, ma 33 tusiga na iloiloina le talafeagai o aʻoaʻoga o le 3DPAM mo tamaiti aoga.
Ona o le eseesega i le mamanu o suʻesuʻega lolomi 3D anatomical, matou te leʻi manatu e talafeagai le faia o se meta-suʻesuʻega.O se suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga na lolomiina i le 2020 e taulaʻi i suʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa pe a maeʻa aʻoaʻoga e aunoa ma le suʻesuʻeina o tulaga faʻapitoa ma tekinolosi o le 3DPAM mamanu ma le gaosiga [10].
O le vaega ulu e sili ona suʻesuʻeina, masalo ona o le lavelave o lona tino e sili atu ai ona faigata mo tamaiti aʻoga ona faʻaalia lenei vaega faʻapitoa i le tolu-dimensional avanoa pe a faʻatusatusa i vae poʻo le tino.O le CT e sili atu ona masani ona faʻaaogaina ata.O lenei metotia e faʻaaogaina lautele, aemaise lava i tulaga faʻafomaʻi, ae e faʻatapulaʻaina le faʻaogaina o avanoa ma le faʻatusatusaina o le tino vaivai.O nei tapulaʻa e le talafeagai ai suʻesuʻega CT mo le faʻavasegaina ma le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le tino.I le isi itu, e sili atu le fetaui o suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa mo le vaevaeina o ponaivi / faʻataʻitaʻiga;Fa'atusatusaga o ponaivi ma aano vaivai e fesoasoani e fa'amae'a nei la'asaga a'o le'i lolomi fa'ata'ita'i fa'ata'ita'i 3D.I le isi itu, o le microCT o loʻo taʻua o le tekonolosi faʻamatalaga i tulaga o le faʻaogaina o avanoa ile ata o ponaivi [70].E mafai fo'i ona fa'aoga su'e mata po'o le MRI e maua mai ai ata.Ole maualuga maualuga e taofia ai le faʻalelei o luga ole ponaivi ma faʻasaoina le faʻaogaina o fausaga faʻapitoa [59].O le filifiliga o le faʻataʻitaʻiga e aʻafia ai foʻi le faʻaogaina o le vateatea: mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo i ai se iuga maualalo [45].E tatau i tagata faʻataʻitaʻi ata ona fatuina faʻataʻitaʻiga 3D masani, lea e faʻateleina ai tau ($ 25 i le $ 150 i le itula) [43].O le mauaina o faila .STL sili ona lelei e le lava e fatu ai faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga maualuga.E manaʻomia le fuafuaina o faʻasologa lolomi, e pei o le faʻatulagaina o le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻi i luga o le ipu lomitusi [29].O nisi tusitala o loʻo fautua mai e tatau ona faʻaogaina tekinolosi lolomi e pei o le SLS i soʻo se mea e mafai ai ona faʻaleleia le saʻo o le 3DPAM [38].O le gaosiga o le 3DPAM e manaʻomia ai fesoasoani faʻapitoa;o tagata tomai faapitoa e sili ona sailia o inisinia [72], radiologists, [75], graphic designs [43] ma anatomists [25, 28, 51, 57, 76, 77].
O le fa'avasegaina ma le fa'ata'ita'iina o polokalame o mea taua ia i le mauaina o fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'i sa'o, ae o le tau o nei pusa fa'akomepiuta ma lo latou lavelave e fa'alavelaveina ai lo latou fa'aogaina.E tele suʻesuʻega ua faʻatusatusaina le faʻaogaina o pusa polokalame eseese ma tekinolosi lomitusi, faʻamaonia ai le lelei ma le le lelei o tekinolosi taʻitasi [68].E le gata i le fa'ata'ita'iina o polokalame, e mana'omia fo'i le lolomiina o polokalame e fetaui ma le lomitusi filifilia;o nisi tusitala e fiafia e faʻaoga i luga ole laiga 3D lomitusi [75].Afai e lava mea 3D e lolomi, o le tupe teufaafaigaluega e mafai ona taitai atu ai i tupe maua [72].
O palasitika ose mea e masani ona fa'aaogaina.O le lautele o lanu ma lanu e avea ma mea e filifilia mo le 3DPAM.O nisi tusitala na latou viia lona malosi maualuga pe a faatusatusa i faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga masani poʻo faʻapipiʻi [24, 56, 73].O nisi palasitika e iai fo'i mea e lolo'u pe fa'aloloa.Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, Filaflex faʻatasi ma FDM tekonolosi e mafai ona faʻalauteleina i le 700%.O nisi tusitala e manatu o le mea lea e filifilia mo maso, tendon ma ligament replication [63].I le isi itu, e lua suʻesuʻega na laga ai fesili e uiga i le fiber orientation i le taimi o le lolomiina.O le mea moni, o le faʻaogaina o le fiber musele, faʻaofiina, innervation, ma le gaioiga e taua tele i le faʻataʻitaʻiga maso [33].
O le mea e ofo ai, o nai suʻesuʻega e taʻua ai le fua o le lomitusi.Talu ai o le toʻatele o tagata e manatu o le 1: 1 fua faʻatatau o se tulaga masani, atonu na filifili le tusitala e le taʻua.E ui ina aoga le fa'asili i luga ole a'oa'oga fa'atonu i vaega tetele, e le'i su'esu'eina le fa'aogaina ole fa'asili, ae maise ole fa'atuputeleina o vasega ma le tele fa'aletino o le fa'ata'ita'iga ose mea taua.O le mea moni, o fua lapopoa atoa e faigofie ai ona maua ma faʻafesoʻotaʻi elemene anatomical eseese i le maʻi, e ono faʻamatalaina pe aisea e masani ai ona faʻaaogaina.
Mai le tele o lomitusi o loʻo maua i luga o le maketi, o loʻo faʻaaogaina le PolyJet (meamea inkjet poʻo le inkjet binder) e tuʻuina atu ai le lanu maualuga ma le tele o mea (ma le tele-texture) tau lomitusi i le va o le US$20,000 ma le US$250,000 ( https:/ /www.aniwaa.com/).O lenei tau maualuga e mafai ona faʻatapulaaina le faʻalauiloaina o le 3DPAM i aʻoga faafomaʻi.I le faaopoopo atu i le tau o le lomitusi, o le tau o mea e manaʻomia mo le lomitusi inkjet e maualuga atu nai lo SLA poʻo le FDM lomitusi [68].O tau mo lomitusi SLA poʻo FDM e sili atu ona taugofie, mai le €576 i le €4,999 i tala o loʻo lisiina i lenei iloiloga.E tusa ai ma Tripodi ma ana uo, o vaega taʻitasi taʻitasi e mafai ona lolomiina mo le US $ 1.25 [47].E sefulutasi suʻesuʻega na faʻamaonia ai o le lolomiina o le 3D e sili atu le taugofie nai lo le palasitika poʻo faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapisinisi [24, 27, 41, 44, 45, 48, 51, 60, 63, 80, 81, 83].E le gata i lea, o nei faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapisinisi ua mamanuina e tuʻuina atu ai faʻamatalaga maʻi e aunoa ma se faʻamatalaga faʻapitoa mo aʻoaʻoga o le tino [80].O nei faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapisinisi e manatu e maualalo ifo i le 3DPAM [44].E taua le maitauina, i le faaopoopo atu i tekinolosi lomitusi na faʻaaogaina, o le tau mulimuli e faʻatusatusa i le fua ma o le mea lea o le tele mulimuli o le 3DPAM [48].Mo nei mafuaʻaga, e sili ona lelei le fua atoa [37].
E naʻo le tasi suʻesuʻega faʻatusatusa le 3DPAM faʻatasi ai ma faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻi faʻatau pisinisi [72].O faʻataʻitaʻiga Cadaveric o le faʻatusatusa masani lea mo le 3DPAM.E ui lava io latou tapulaʻa, o faʻataʻitaʻiga cadaveric e tumau pea o se meafaigaluega taua mo le aʻoaʻoina o le tino.E tatau ona faia se eseesega i le va o le autopsy, dissection ma le ponaivi mago.Faʻavae i luga o suʻega aʻoaʻoga, e lua suʻesuʻega na faʻaalia ai o le 3DPAM na sili atu le aoga nai lo le vavaeina o le plastinated [16, 27].E tasi le suʻesuʻega faʻatusatusa le tasi itula o aʻoaʻoga e faʻaaoga ai le 3DPAM (pito pito i lalo) ma le itula e tasi o le vavaeina o le vaega faʻapitoa e tasi [78].E leai se eseesega tele i le va o metotia faafaiaoga e lua.E foliga mai e itiiti ni suʻesuʻega i lenei autu ona o ia faʻatusatusaga e faigata ona fai.O le vaevaeina o se tapenaga e alu ai le taimi mo tamaiti aoga.O nisi taimi o le tele o itula o sauniuniga e manaʻomia, e faʻatatau i mea o loʻo saunia.O se faatusatusaga lona tolu e mafai ona faia i ponaivi mago.O se suʻesuʻega a Tsai ma Smith na maua ai le sili atu o togi o suʻega i le vaega e faʻaaoga ai le 3DPAM [51, 63].Na matauina e Chen ma ana uo o tamaiti aoga o loʻo faʻaogaina faʻataʻitaʻiga 3D e sili atu le lelei i le faʻamalamalamaina o fausaga (ulupoʻo), ae leai se eseesega i togi MCQ [69].Mulimuli ane, na faʻaalia e Tanner ma ana paʻaga le sili atu o suʻega suʻega i lenei vaega e faʻaaoga ai le 3DPAM o le pterygopalatine fossa [46].O isi meafaigaluega fa'afaiaoga fou na fa'ailoaina i lenei iloiloga o tusitusiga.O le mea sili ona taatele ia i latou o le faʻateleina mea moni, mea moni ma taʻaloga ogaoga [43].E tusa ai ma le tala a Mahrous ma ana uo, o le fiafia mo faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻi e faʻalagolago i le aofaʻi o itula e taʻalo ai tamaiti aʻoga i taaloga vitio [31].I le isi itu, o se faʻafitauli tele o meafaigaluega fou aʻoaʻoga o le tino o faʻamatalaga faʻapitoa, aemaise lava mo mea faigaluega mama [48].
O le tele o su'esu'ega e su'esu'eina ai le 3DPAM fou ua fa'aogaina muamua su'esu'ega o le malamalama.O nei su'ega muamua e fesoasoani e aloese ai mai le fa'aituau i le iloiloga.O nisi tusitala, aʻo leʻi faia suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga, e le aofia uma tamaiti aʻoga na togi i luga aʻe o le averesi i le suʻega muamua [40].Faatasi ai ma le faʻaituau Garas ma paaga na taʻua o le lanu o le faʻataʻitaʻiga ma le filifilia o volenitia i le vasega a le tamaititi aoga [61].O le valiina e faafaigofie ai le faailoaina o fausaga fa'aanatomi.Na faʻatūina e Chen ma ana paʻaga ni faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa e aunoa ma se eseesega muamua i le va o vaega ma o le suʻesuʻega na faatauasoina i le maualuga e mafai ai [69].E fautuaina e Lim ma ana paaga le suʻesuʻeina o suʻesuʻega e faʻamaeʻaina e se isi vaega e aloese ai mai le faʻaituau i le iloiloga [16].O nisi suʻesuʻega na faʻaaogaina fua Likert e iloilo ai le faʻaogaina o le 3DPAM.O lenei meafaigaluega e talafeagai mo le iloiloina o le faamalieina, ae o loʻo i ai pea faʻaituau taua e tatau ona nofouta i ai [86].
O le taua o le aʻoaʻoga o le 3DPAM na faʻatautaia muamua i tamaiti aʻoga faafomaʻi, e aofia ai tamaiti aʻoga faafomaʻi tausaga muamua, i le 14 o le 33 suʻesuʻega.I la latou suʻesuʻega pailate, na lipotia ai e Wilk ma ana uo e talitonu tamaiti aʻoga faafomaʻi e tatau ona aofia ai le lolomiina o le 3D i la latou aʻoaʻoga faʻapitoa [87].87% o tamaiti aʻoga na suʻesuʻeina i suʻesuʻega a Cercenelli na talitonu o le tausaga lona lua o suʻesuʻega o le taimi sili lea e faʻaaoga ai le 3DPAM [84].Na faʻaalia foi i taunuʻuga a Tanner ma ana uo e sili atu le lelei o tamaiti aʻoga pe a latou leʻi suʻesuʻeina le fanua [46].O nei faʻamatalaga o loʻo fautua mai ai o le tausaga muamua o aʻoga faafomaʻi o le taimi sili lea e tuʻufaʻatasia ai le 3DPAM i aʻoaʻoga faʻapitoa.Na lagolagoina e le meta-analyse e le manatu lenei [18].I luga o le 27 tusiga o loʻo aofia ai i le suʻesuʻega, sa i ai ni eseesega taua i le faʻatinoga o le 3DPAM faʻatusatusa i faʻataʻitaʻiga masani i tamaiti aʻoga faafomaʻi, ae le o tagata nofoia.
3DPAM o se meafaigaluega aʻoaʻoga e faʻaleleia ai taunuʻuga tau aʻoaʻoga [16, 35, 39, 52, 57, 63, 69, 79], faʻatumauina le malamalama umi [32], ma le faʻamalieina o tamaiti aoga [25, 45, 46, 52, 57, 63 , 66]., 69 , 84].Na maua foi e panele o tagata atamamai nei faʻataʻitaʻiga aoga [37, 42, 49, 81, 82], ma suʻesuʻega e lua na maua ai le faʻamalieina o faiaoga i le 3DPAM [25, 63].Mai fa'apogai uma, Backhouse ma pa'aga e manatu i le lolomiga 3D e sili ona lelei i fa'ata'ita'iga fa'aanatura masani [49].I la latou faʻataʻitaʻiga muamua, na faʻamaonia e Ye ma paʻaga o tamaiti aʻoga na mauaina le 3DPAM faʻatonuga e sili atu togi pe a maeʻa suʻega nai lo tamaiti aʻoga na mauaina le 2D poʻo le cadaver faatonuga [10].Ae ui i lea, na latou faʻavasega le 3DPAM e le o le lavelave, ae na o le fatu, faʻalavelave faʻalavelave, ma le manava manava.I suʻesuʻega e fitu, e leʻi sili atu le 3DPAM i isi faʻataʻitaʻiga e faʻavae i luga o suʻega malamalama na faʻatinoina i tamaiti aoga [32, 66, 69, 77, 78, 84].I la latou suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga, na faʻamaonia ai e Salazar ma ana uo o le faʻaaogaina o le 3DPAM faʻapitoa e faʻaleleia atili ai le malamalama o le tino faʻapitoa [17].O lenei manatu e ogatasi ma le tusi a Hitas i le faatonu [88].O nisi vaega fa'apitoa e manatu e itiiti le lavelave e le mana'omia le fa'aogaina o le 3DPAM, ae o vaega fa'apitoa fa'apitoa (e pei o le ua po'o le neura) o le a avea ma filifiliga talafeagai mo le 3DPAM.O lenei manatu e mafai ona faʻamatalaina pe aisea e le manatu ai nisi 3DPAM e sili atu nai lo faʻataʻitaʻiga masani, aemaise lava pe a leai se malamalama o tamaiti aoga i le vaega lea e maua ai le faʻatinoga o faʻataʻitaʻiga e sili atu.O le mea lea, o le tuʻuina atu o se faʻataʻitaʻiga faigofie i tamaiti aʻoga ua leva ona i ai sina malamalama i le mataupu (tagata aʻoga faafomaʻi poʻo tagata nofomau) e le fesoasoani i le faʻaleleia o le faʻatinoga o tamaiti aoga.
Mai faʻamanuiaga uma faʻaleaʻoaʻoga o loʻo lisiina, o suʻesuʻega 11 na faʻamamafaina ai uiga vaaia poʻo uiga faʻapitoa o faʻataʻitaʻiga [27,34,44,45,48,50,55,63,67,72,85], ma suʻesuʻega 3 faʻaleleia le malosi ma le tumau (33). , 50 -52, 63, 79, 85, 86).O isi mea lelei e mafai e tamaiti aʻoga ona faʻaogaina fausaga, e mafai e faiaoga ona faʻasaoina le taimi, e sili atu ona faigofie ona faʻasaoina nai lo tino oti, e mafai ona maeʻa le poloketi i totonu ole 24 itula, e mafai ona faʻaaogaina e avea o se mea faigaluega ile fale, ma e mafai ona faʻaaogaina e aʻoaʻo ai le tele o aofaʻi. o faamatalaga.vaega [30, 49, 60, 61, 80, 81].O lomitusi 3D faifaipea mo a'oa'oga o le tino maualuga e sili atu le taugofie o ata lomitusi 3D [26].O le faʻaaogaina o le 3DPAM e mafai ona faʻaleleia le gafatia o le suiga o le mafaufau [23] ma faʻaleleia le faʻamatalaina o ata faʻasolosolo [23, 32].E lua suʻesuʻega na maua ai o tamaiti aʻoga na faʻaalia i le 3DPAM e sili atu ona faia se taotoga [40, 74].O fesoʻotaʻiga uʻamea e mafai ona faʻapipiʻiina e fatu ai le gaioiga e manaʻomia e suʻesuʻe ai le tino galue [51, 53], poʻo faʻataʻitaʻiga e mafai ona lolomi e faʻaaoga ai mamanu faʻavae [67].
Lomitusi 3D e mafai ai ona faia ni faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻi faʻapitoa e ala i le faʻaleleia atili o nisi vaega i le taimi o le faʻataʻitaʻiga, [48, 80] fatuina o se faʻavae talafeagai, [59] tuʻufaʻatasia le tele o faʻataʻitaʻiga, [36] faʻaaogaina le manino, (49) lanu, [45] poʻo fa'aalia nisi fausaga totonu [30].Na faʻaaogaina e Tripodi ma ana paaga le faʻaogaina o le omea e faʻapipiʻi ai a latou faʻataʻitaʻiga 3D lolomi ponaivi, faʻamalosia le taua o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻatasi e fai ma meafaigaluega faʻafaiaoga [47].I suʻesuʻega e 9, na faʻaaogaina le lanu ina ua uma ona lolomiina [43, 46, 49, 54, 58, 59, 65, 69, 75], ae naʻo le tasi na faʻaaogaina e tamaiti aoga [49].Ae paga lea, o le suʻesuʻega e leʻi iloiloina le lelei o aʻoaʻoga faʻataʻitaʻiga poʻo le faʻasologa o aʻoaʻoga.E tatau ona mafaufauina lenei mea i le tulaga o aʻoaʻoga faʻapitoa, ona o faʻamanuiaga o le faʻafefiloi o aʻoaʻoga ma le faʻavae faʻatasi ua faʻamautuina [89].Ina ia faʻafetaui le faʻatupulaia o gaioiga faʻasalalauga, o le aʻoaʻoina o le tagata lava ia ua faʻaaogaina i le tele o taimi e iloilo ai faʻataʻitaʻiga [24, 26, 27, 32, 46, 69, 82].
O se tasi suʻesuʻega na faʻamaonia ai o le lanu o mea palasitika e matua susulu [45], o le isi suʻesuʻega na faʻamaonia ai o le faʻataʻitaʻiga e matua maaleale [71], ma e lua isi suʻesuʻega na faʻaalia ai le leai o se fesuiaiga o anatomical i le mamanu o faʻataʻitaʻiga taʻitasi [25, 45]. ]..E fitu suʻesuʻega na faʻauʻuina e le lava le auiliiliga o le anatomical o le 3DPAM [28, 34, 45, 48, 62, 63, 81].
Mo nisi faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga o itulagi tetele ma lavelave, e pei o le retroperitoneum poʻo le cervical region, o le vaeluaga ma le faʻataʻitaʻiga taimi e manatu e umi tele ma o le tau e maualuga tele (e tusa ma le US $ 2000) [27, 48].Na lipotia mai e Hojo ma ana uo i la latou suʻesuʻega o le fausiaina o se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻi o le pelvis na alu i le 40 itula [42].Ole taimi pito sili ona umi ole vaevaega ole 380 itula ile suʻesuʻega a Weatherall ma ana uo, lea na tuʻufaʻatasia ai le tele o faʻataʻitaʻiga e fausia ai se faʻataʻitaʻiga atoatoa o le ea tamaiti [36].I suʻesuʻega e iva, o le faʻavasegaina ma le taimi lolomi na manatu o ni mea le lelei [36, 42, 57, 58, 74].Ae ui i lea, o suʻesuʻega 12 na faitioina mea faʻapitoa o latou faʻataʻitaʻiga, aemaise lava lo latou tumau, [28, 62] leai se manino, [30] vaivai ma monochromaticity, [71] leai se mea vaivai, [66] poʻo le leai o se auiliiliga [28, 34]., 45, 48, 62, 63, 81].O nei faʻaletonu e mafai ona faʻatoʻilaloina e ala i le faʻateleina o le vaeluaga poʻo le faʻataʻitaʻiga taimi.O le leiloa ma le toe maua mai o faʻamatalaga talafeagai o se faʻafitauli na feagai ma au e tolu [30, 74, 77].E tusa ai ma lipoti a le maʻi, o vailaʻau faʻatusatusa iodinated e leʻi maua ai le vaʻaia lelei o le vaʻaia ona o le faʻatapulaʻaina o fualaau [74].O le tui o se faʻataʻitaʻiga cadaveric e foliga mai o se auala sili lea e alu ese ai mai le mataupu faavae o le "laʻititi e mafai ai" ma le tapulaʻa o le fua o le vailaʻau faʻatusatusa na tui.
Ae paga lea, o le tele o tala e le o taʻua ai nisi o vaega taua o le 3DPAM.E itiiti ifo i le afa o tala na fa'ailoa manino mai pe na fa'alili a latou 3DPAM.O le fa'asalalauina o le lautele o le lolomi sa le'o tutusa (43% o tala), ma na'o le 34% na ta'ua le fa'aogaina o le tele o fa'asalalauga.O nei ta'iala lolomi e taua tele aua latou te fa'aaafiaina mea tau a'oa'oga a le 3DPAM.Ole tele o tala e le lava fa'amatalaga e uiga i le lavelave o le mauaina o le 3DPAM (taimi mamanu, agavaa o tagata faigaluega, tau polokalame, tau lomitusi, ma isi).O nei fa'amatalaga e taua tele ma e tatau ona iloiloina a'o le'i mafaufau e amata se poloketi e atia'e ai se 3DPAM fou.
O lenei iloiloga faʻatulagaina o loʻo faʻaalia ai o le mamanu ma le 3D lolomi faʻataʻitaʻiga masani faʻataʻitaʻiga e mafai ona maua i tau maualalo, aemaise lava pe a faʻaaogaina FDM poʻo SLA lomitusi ma mea taugofie palasitika lanu tasi.Ae ui i lea, o nei mamanu faavae e mafai ona faʻaleleia e ala i le faʻaopoopoina o lanu poʻo le faʻaopoopoina o mamanu i mea eseese.Fa'ata'ita'iga e sili atu ona moni (lolomi e fa'aaoga ai le tele o mea o lanu eseese ma fe'ai e fa'atusa lelei ai uiga fa'apitoa o se fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'iga o le tino oti) e mana'omia ai ni tekonolosi lomitusi 3D sili atu taugata ma taimi fa'aumiumi.O lenei mea o le a matua faateleina ai le tau atoa.E tusa lava po o le a le faiga o lomitusi e filifilia, o le filifilia o le metotia ata talafeagai o le ki lea i le manuia o le 3DPAM.O le maualuga o le fa'afanua fa'ava-o-malo, o le sili atu ona moni o le fa'ata'ita'iga ma mafai ona fa'aoga mo su'esu'ega alualu i luma.Mai se vaaiga faʻaleaʻoaʻoga, 3DPAM o se meafaigaluega aoga mo le aʻoaʻoina o le tino, e pei ona faʻamaonia e suʻega o le malamalama o loʻo faʻatinoina i tamaiti aoga ma lo latou faamalieina.O le a'oa'oga a le 3DPAM e sili ona lelei pe a toe gaosia vaega fa'apitoa fa'apitoa ma fa'aaoga vave e tamaiti a'oga i a latou a'oa'oga fa'afoma'i.
O fa'amaumauga na gaosia ma/po'o au'ili'ili i le su'esu'ega o lo'o iai nei e le'o avanoa fa'alaua'itele ona o pa'u o le gagana ae o lo'o avanoa mai le tusitala fa'atatau ile talosaga talafeagai.
Drake RL, Lowry DJ, Pruitt CM.O se iloiloga o aʻoaʻoga faʻapitoa, microanatomy, neurobiology, ma embryology i aʻoaʻoga a le aʻoga faafomaʻi a Amerika.Anat Rec.2002;269(2):118-22.
Ghosh SK Cadaveric dissection o se meafaigaluega faʻaleaʻoaʻoga mo suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa i le 21st seneturi: Dissection o se meafaigaluega faʻaaoaoga.Iloiloga o a'oa'oga faasaienisi.2017;10(3):286–99.
Taimi meli: Nov-13-2023